Effects of Sound

• Determine if a sound affects a marine animal
  • Considerations for “Contained” Studies in Laboratory or Captive Settings
• Potential effects of sound on marine mammals
  • Behavioral Changes in Mammals
  • Masking in Mammals
  • Hearing Loss in Mammals
  • Strandings
  • Impacts of Impulsive Sound
• Potential effects of sound on marine fishes
  • Behavioral Changes in Fishes
  • Masking in Fishes
  • Hearing Loss in Fishes
  • Physiological Stress
  • Acoustic Issues Related to Diadromous Fishes
  • Criteria for Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Fishes
• Potential effects of sound on marine invertebrates
• Measure marine mammal’s reaction to sound
  • Hearing Sensitivity Studies
  • Visual Observations
  • Acoustic Monitoring
  • Tagging Studies
  • Controlled Exposure Experiments
• Moderate or eliminate the effects of human activities
  • Ship Quieting Technologies
• Anthropogenic Sound Sources
  • Commercial Vessel Traffic
  • Small Vessels
  • Single Beam Echosounders
  • Multibeam Echosounder
  • Pile driving
  • Seismic Airguns
  • Sonar
  • Wind Turbine