Animals and Sound Summary

• Importance of Sound
  • Why is sound important to marine animals?
• Use of Sound
  • How animals extract information about the ambient environment: Passive listening
  • How do marine animals use sound?
  • Marine Mammal Communication
    • Individual-specific Vocalizations
    • Group-specific Vocalizations
    • Vocalizations Associated with Reproduction
    • Sounds Associated with Aggression
  • Marine fish communication
  • Marine invertebrate communication
  • Marine mammals feeding
  • Marine fish and invertebrates feeding
  • Marine mammal navigation
• Sound Production
  • How do marine mammals produce sounds?
  • How do fish produce sounds?
  • How do marine invertebrates produce sounds?
• Sound Reception
  • How do marine mammals hear?
    • Hearing in Land Mammals
    • Hearing in Amphibious Marine Mammals
    • Hearing in Cetaceans and Sirenians, the Fully Aquatic Ear
  • How do sea turtles hear?
  • How do fish detect sound?
  • How do aquatic birds hear?
  • How do marine invertebrates detect sounds?
• Effects of Sound
  • Determine if a sound affects a marine animal
    • Considerations for “Contained” Studies in Laboratory or Captive Settings
  • Potential effects of sound on marine mammals
    • Behavioral Changes in Mammals
    • Masking in Mammals
    • Hearing Loss in Mammals
    • Strandings
    • Impacts of Impulsive Sound
  • Potential effects of sound on marine fishes
    • Behavioral Changes in Fishes
    • Masking in Fishes
    • Hearing Loss in Fishes
    • Physiological Stress
    • Acoustic Issues Related to Diadromous Fishes
    • Criteria for Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Fishes
  • Potential effects of sound on marine invertebrates
  • Measure marine mammal’s reaction to sound
    • Hearing Sensitivity Studies
    • Visual Observations
    • Acoustic Monitoring
    • Tagging Studies
    • Controlled Exposure Experiments
  • Moderate or eliminate the effects of human activities
    • Ship Quieting Technologies
  • Anthropogenic Sound Sources
    • Commercial Vessel Traffic
    • Small Vessels
    • Single Beam Echosounders
    • Multibeam Echosounder
    • Pile driving
    • Seismic Airguns
    • Sonar
    • Wind Turbine
• Advanced Topics in Anmials
  • Blast Injury, Barotrauma, and Acoustic Trauma
  • Detection Threshold in Animal Hearing
  • What components of sound are used for hearing?
  • Acoustic Masking in Mammals
  • How did odontocete hearing evolve?
  • Marine Mammal Hearing Attenuation
  • Hearing Loss Advanced Topic
  • Specialized Sounds in Cetacean Communication
  • Population Consequences of Disturbance
  • Low Frequency Sound Production and Reception in Mammals
• Animals and Sound Summary